
req_cont1="""- Role: 你是一个善于从论文中提取关键信息的学术研究助理
- Background: 用户需要从论文中提取引用文献后表达的观点的原文，以便于更好地理解论文内容和引用文献的关联。
- Profile: 你是一个专业的学术研究助理，具备文献检索和文本分析的能力。
- Skills: 文献检索、文本分析、信息提取。
- Goals: 帮助用户从论文中快速准确地找出引用文献后表达的观点的原文，但不包含本论文自身的观点。
- OutputFormat: 提供文本形式的引用观点原文，不要翻译，并以JSON格式返回。
- Workflow:
  1. 识别论文中的引用标记 [N] 或 标记组 [N1,N2...]。
  2. 提取引用标记前面的文本作为引用观点的原文。
  3. 验证提取的文本是否完整表达了引用文献的观点。
- Initialization: 欢迎使用学术研究辅助工具，我将帮助您快速定位论文中的引用观点原文。请发送我您需要分析的论文段落。

# Trends in Chronic Kidney Disease in China


**To the Editor: Diabetes is the leading cause**
of end-stage kidney disease worldwide, though
glomerulonephritis has been the more predominant cause in developing countries.[1] We hypothesized that the surging prevalence of diabetes in
developing countries may have a substantial effect on the observed spectrum of chronic kidney
disease.
To evaluate trends in chronic kidney disease
related to diabetes or to glomerulonephritis, we
used two resources — one that tracks hospitalized persons and another that tracks the general
population in China. To track hospitalized persons, we used the Hospital Quality Monitoring
System, a mandatory patient-level national database for hospital accreditation, under the authority of the National Health and Family Planning
Commission of the People’s Republic of China.
We analyzed a data set of 35.3 million patients
hospitalized in class 3 hospitals (which are similar to tertiary hospitals but also provide primary
and secondary care to the nationwide patient
population) from 2010 through 2015. Diagnosis
codes from the International Statistical Classification


_of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision,_
were used to extract cases of chronic kidney disease related to diabetes and to glomerulonephritis. To track the general population in China, we
used a general population-based, nationally representative sample of 47,204 participants from
2009 through 2010. We classified chronic kidney
disease as being related to diabetes mellitus or
to glomerulonephritis according to the patients’
medical history and laboratory test results.
In 2010, among hospitalized patients, the percentage with chronic kidney disease related to
diabetes was lower than the percentage with
chronic kidney disease related to glomerulonephritis (0.82% vs. 1.01%). Starting from 2011,
the percentage with chronic kidney disease related to diabetes exceeded the percentage with
chronic kidney disease related to glomerulonephritis, and the gap between them increased
progressively (Fig. 1). In 2015, the percentage of
the hospitalized population with chronic kidney
disease related to diabetes and to glomerulonephritis was 1.10% and 0.75%, respectively. In
both 2010 and 2015, the percentage of hospital

12 1.2

Chronic kidney disease related to diabetes mellitus 1.10

1.01 1.01

0.97

10 1.0

0.87

0.82 Chronic kidney disease related

8 to glomerulonephritis 0.8

0.71

0.80
0.73 0.75

6 0.66 0.69 0.6

Diabetes mellitus

4 0.4

**to Glomerulonephritis (%)**

**and Chronic Kidney Disease (%)** 2 0.2

**Hospitalized Patients with Chronic KidneyDisease Related to Diabetes Mellitus and**

**Hospitalized Patients with Diabetes Mellitus** Chronic kidney disease

0 0.0

**2010** **2011** **2012** **2013** **2014** **2015**

**No. at Risk** 596,857 165,771 252,240 8,948,853 14,126,414 11,175,678

**Figure 1. Trends in Chronic Kidney Disease Related to Diabetes and to Glomerulonephritis among Hospitalized**
**Patients in China.**

The percentages shown were calculated among overall hospitalized patients in each year. The overall numbers of
hospitalized patients for each year (numbers at risk) were obtained from the Hospital Quality Monitoring System,
which is a mandatory patient-level national database for hospital accreditation, under the authority of National
Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China.


n engl j med 375;9 nejm org September 1 2016 905


-----

ized urban patients with chronic kidney disease
related to diabetes was higher than that of hospitalized urban patients with chronic kidney
disease related to glomerulonephritis, and the gap
had increased by 2015 (1.02% vs. 0.84% in 2010
and 1.55% vs. 0.72% in 2015). However, among
hospitalized rural patients during that same
time frame, glomerulonephritis-related chronic
kidney disease predominated, and the percentage with chronic kidney disease related to diabetes was lower than the percentage with chronic
kidney disease related to glomerulonephritis,
though the gap had narrowed by 2015 (0.68% vs.
1.51% in 2010, and 0.76% vs. 0.95% in 2015).
In the general population, the percentage with
chronic kidney disease related to diabetes also
exceeded the percentage with chronic kidney
disease related to glomerulonephritis (1.23% vs.
0.91%). When stratified according to the area of
residence, the percentage with chronic kidney
disease related to diabetes surpassed the percentage with chronic kidney disease related to
glomerulonephritis among both urban and rural
residents, though the gap was narrower among
rural residents — 1.76% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.61 to 1.93) vs. 0.84% (95% CI, 0.73 to
0.96) among urban residents, and 1.32% (95%
CI, 1.17 to 1.47) vs. 0.89 (95% CI, 0.77 to 1.02%)
among rural residents. Approximately 21.3% of
the participants with diabetes were classified as
having chronic kidney disease in our study.
Hence, on the basis of a study in 2013 that
showed there were 113.9 million persons with
diabetes in China,[2] the estimated number of patients with chronic kidney disease related to diabetes in China was 24.3 million, of whom 60.5%
have preserved kidney function with slightly increased albuminuria.
Our study indicates that chronic kidney disease related to diabetes has become more common than chronic kidney disease related to
glomerulonephritis in both the general population and a hospitalized urban population in
China, a finding that is preceded by decades of
increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus.[3,4]

Luxia Zhang, M.D., M.P.H.

Peking University First Hospital
Beijing, China


Jianyan Long, M.Sc.
Wenshi Jiang, M.Sc.
Ying Shi, B.M.S.
Xiangxiang He, M.Sc.
Zhiye Zhou, M.S.
Yanwei Li, B.Sc.

China Standard Medical Information Research Center
Shenzhen, China

Roseanne O. Yeung, M.D., M.P.H.

Chinese University of Hong Kong
Hong Kong, China

Jinwei Wang, Ph.D.

Peking University First Hospital
Beijing, China

Kunihiro Matsushita, M.D., Ph.D.
Josef Coresh, M.D., Ph.D.

Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Baltimore, MD

Ming-Hui Zhao, M.D.

Peking University First Hospital
Beijing, China

Haibo Wang, M.B., B.S., M.P.H.

First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University
Guangzhou, China
haibo@mail.harvard.edu
Drs. Zhang and H. Wang contributed equally to this letter.
Supported by the World Health Organization (WHO Reference 2014/435380-0 and 2015/533939-0 for the China–World
Health Organization Biennial Collaborative Projects 2014–2015),
the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (the National Key Technology R&D Program,
2011BAI10B01), the Beijing Science and Technology Committee
(Establishment of Early Diagnosis Pathway and Model for Evaluating Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease, D131100004713007),
and the National Health and Family Planning Commission of
the People’s Republic of China.
Disclosure forms provided by the authors are available with
the full text of this letter at NEJM.org.

-----"""

req_cont2="""请阅读以下论文：
# Trends in Chronic Kidney Disease in China


**To the Editor: Diabetes is the leading cause**
of end-stage kidney disease worldwide, though
glomerulonephritis has been the more predominant cause in developing countries.[1] We hypothesized that the surging prevalence of diabetes in
developing countries may have a substantial effect on the observed spectrum of chronic kidney
disease.
To evaluate trends in chronic kidney disease
related to diabetes or to glomerulonephritis, we
used two resources — one that tracks hospitalized persons and another that tracks the general
population in China. To track hospitalized persons, we used the Hospital Quality Monitoring
System, a mandatory patient-level national database for hospital accreditation, under the authority of the National Health and Family Planning
Commission of the People’s Republic of China.
We analyzed a data set of 35.3 million patients
hospitalized in class 3 hospitals (which are similar to tertiary hospitals but also provide primary
and secondary care to the nationwide patient
population) from 2010 through 2015. Diagnosis
codes from the International Statistical Classification


_of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision,_
were used to extract cases of chronic kidney disease related to diabetes and to glomerulonephritis. To track the general population in China, we
used a general population-based, nationally representative sample of 47,204 participants from
2009 through 2010. We classified chronic kidney
disease as being related to diabetes mellitus or
to glomerulonephritis according to the patients’
medical history and laboratory test results.
In 2010, among hospitalized patients, the percentage with chronic kidney disease related to
diabetes was lower than the percentage with
chronic kidney disease related to glomerulonephritis (0.82% vs. 1.01%). Starting from 2011,
the percentage with chronic kidney disease related to diabetes exceeded the percentage with
chronic kidney disease related to glomerulonephritis, and the gap between them increased
progressively (Fig. 1). In 2015, the percentage of
the hospitalized population with chronic kidney
disease related to diabetes and to glomerulonephritis was 1.10% and 0.75%, respectively. In
both 2010 and 2015, the percentage of hospital

12 1.2

Chronic kidney disease related to diabetes mellitus 1.10

1.01 1.01

0.97

10 1.0

0.87

0.82 Chronic kidney disease related

8 to glomerulonephritis 0.8

0.71

0.80
0.73 0.75

6 0.66 0.69 0.6

Diabetes mellitus

4 0.4

**to Glomerulonephritis (%)**

**and Chronic Kidney Disease (%)** 2 0.2

**Hospitalized Patients with Chronic KidneyDisease Related to Diabetes Mellitus and**

**Hospitalized Patients with Diabetes Mellitus** Chronic kidney disease

0 0.0

**2010** **2011** **2012** **2013** **2014** **2015**

**No. at Risk** 596,857 165,771 252,240 8,948,853 14,126,414 11,175,678

**Figure 1. Trends in Chronic Kidney Disease Related to Diabetes and to Glomerulonephritis among Hospitalized**
**Patients in China.**

The percentages shown were calculated among overall hospitalized patients in each year. The overall numbers of
hospitalized patients for each year (numbers at risk) were obtained from the Hospital Quality Monitoring System,
which is a mandatory patient-level national database for hospital accreditation, under the authority of National
Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China.


n engl j med 375;9 nejm org September 1 2016 905


-----

ized urban patients with chronic kidney disease
related to diabetes was higher than that of hospitalized urban patients with chronic kidney
disease related to glomerulonephritis, and the gap
had increased by 2015 (1.02% vs. 0.84% in 2010
and 1.55% vs. 0.72% in 2015). However, among
hospitalized rural patients during that same
time frame, glomerulonephritis-related chronic
kidney disease predominated, and the percentage with chronic kidney disease related to diabetes was lower than the percentage with chronic
kidney disease related to glomerulonephritis,
though the gap had narrowed by 2015 (0.68% vs.
1.51% in 2010, and 0.76% vs. 0.95% in 2015).
In the general population, the percentage with
chronic kidney disease related to diabetes also
exceeded the percentage with chronic kidney
disease related to glomerulonephritis (1.23% vs.
0.91%). When stratified according to the area of
residence, the percentage with chronic kidney
disease related to diabetes surpassed the percentage with chronic kidney disease related to
glomerulonephritis among both urban and rural
residents, though the gap was narrower among
rural residents — 1.76% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.61 to 1.93) vs. 0.84% (95% CI, 0.73 to
0.96) among urban residents, and 1.32% (95%
CI, 1.17 to 1.47) vs. 0.89 (95% CI, 0.77 to 1.02%)
among rural residents. Approximately 21.3% of
the participants with diabetes were classified as
having chronic kidney disease in our study.
Hence, on the basis of a study in 2013 that
showed there were 113.9 million persons with
diabetes in China,[2] the estimated number of patients with chronic kidney disease related to diabetes in China was 24.3 million, of whom 60.5%
have preserved kidney function with slightly increased albuminuria.
Our study indicates that chronic kidney disease related to diabetes has become more common than chronic kidney disease related to
glomerulonephritis in both the general population and a hospitalized urban population in
China, a finding that is preceded by decades of
increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus.[3,4]

Luxia Zhang, M.D., M.P.H.

Peking University First Hospital
Beijing, China


Jianyan Long, M.Sc.
Wenshi Jiang, M.Sc.
Ying Shi, B.M.S.
Xiangxiang He, M.Sc.
Zhiye Zhou, M.S.
Yanwei Li, B.Sc.

China Standard Medical Information Research Center
Shenzhen, China

Roseanne O. Yeung, M.D., M.P.H.

Chinese University of Hong Kong
Hong Kong, China

Jinwei Wang, Ph.D.

Peking University First Hospital
Beijing, China

Kunihiro Matsushita, M.D., Ph.D.
Josef Coresh, M.D., Ph.D.

Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Baltimore, MD

Ming-Hui Zhao, M.D.

Peking University First Hospital
Beijing, China

Haibo Wang, M.B., B.S., M.P.H.

First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University
Guangzhou, China
haibo@mail.harvard.edu
Drs. Zhang and H. Wang contributed equally to this letter.
Supported by the World Health Organization (WHO Reference 2014/435380-0 and 2015/533939-0 for the China–World
Health Organization Biennial Collaborative Projects 2014–2015),
the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (the National Key Technology R&D Program,
2011BAI10B01), the Beijing Science and Technology Committee
(Establishment of Early Diagnosis Pathway and Model for Evaluating Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease, D131100004713007),
and the National Health and Family Planning Commission of
the People’s Republic of China.
Disclosure forms provided by the authors are available with
the full text of this letter at NEJM.org.

**1. Barsoum RS. Chronic kidney disease in the developing**
world. N Engl J Med 2006;​354:​997-9.
**2. Xu Y, Wang L, He J, et al. Prevalence and control of diabetes**
in Chinese adults. JAMA 2013;​310:​948-59.
**3. Yang W, Lu J, Weng J, et al. Prevalence of diabetes among**
men and women in China. N Engl J Med 2010;​362:​1090-101.
**4. Pan XR, Yang WY, Li GW, Liu J. Prevalence of diabetes**
and its risk factors in China, 1994. Diabetes Care 1997;​20:​

1664-9.

**DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc1602469**

_Correspondence Copyright © 2016 Massachusetts Medical Society._


906 n engl j med 375;9 nejm org September 1 2016

-----

说明：论文中引用其他文献而表达的观点，会使用 [N1...] 标记结束。
任务：找出上文中引用文献而表达出的观点的原文（不要翻译），应该能找到3处，以JSON格式返回。"""

def test1():
  from openai import OpenAI
  client = OpenAI(
    api_key="sk-7nLl9kOz6bDduqMdNGjc57YtiRU0Klq1kRxv4UV4eTlRv19R",  # 在这里将 MOONSHOT_API_KEY 替换为你从 Kimi 开放平台申请的 API Key
    base_url="https://api.moonshot.cn/v1",
  )

  completion = client.chat.completions.create(
    model="moonshot-v1-8k",
    messages=[
      {"role": "system",
       "content": "你是一个善于从论文中提取关键信息的学术研究助理"
       },
      {"role": "user", "content": req_cont1} # "你好，我叫李雷，1+1等于多少？"
    ],
    temperature=0.2,
  )

  # 通过 API 我们获得了 Kimi 大模型给予我们的回复消息（role=assistant）
  print(completion.choices[0].message.content)

if __name__ == '__main__':
  test1()


r"""
总结：
1. 需要将Reference 之后的内容删除，否则会导致大模型从中抽取关键词。
"""